Arctic ocean expeditions require specific gear to stay warm, safe, and functional in sub-zero temperatures and icy water. Here's what actually works when you're spending hours on boats and in the water watching orcas, humpbacks, and other Arctic wildlife.

Clothing Layers

Layering is everything in the Arctic. You'll be transitioning between heated boats, exposed decks, and frigid water multiple times per day. The goal is to stay warm without overheating, dry without getting soaked from sweat.

Base layers should be merino wool or synthetic thermal. Avoid cotton entirely as it stays wet and cold. Bring at least two full sets so you can change into dry layers after water sessions. Smartwool, Icebreaker, and Patagonia Capilene all work well. Mid-layers need to insulate even when damp. Fleece or synthetic insulated jackets (Patagonia R1, Arc'teryx Atom) are ideal. Down doesn't work in wet conditions.

Outer layers must be waterproof and windproof. A quality shell jacket and pants (Gore-Tex or equivalent) keep you dry on deck. If your expedition doesn't provide drysuits, you'll need a thick wetsuit (7mm minimum) or your own drysuit for in-water work.

Drysuit Undergarments

Most Arctic expeditions provide drysuits, but not always undergarments. What you wear under the drysuit determines whether you're comfortable or miserable in 4-6°C water.

You want insulating layers that wick moisture and retain warmth when compressed. Fourth Element Xerotherm or Santi BZ400 are industry standards. Cheaper option: thick fleece onesie plus wool base layers. Whatever you choose, make sure it's not bulky to the point where the drysuit doesn't seal properly at wrists and neck.

Thick wool socks are essential. Double up if needed. Your feet will be the coldest part of your body even in a drysuit.

Gloves and Hand Warmth

Your hands will be exposed, cold, and often wet. Standard winter gloves don't cut it.

For in-water use, bring 5-7mm neoprene dive gloves. They're not perfect but they're the best option for maintaining some dexterity while handling cameras or holding onto boat rails. For on-deck use between dives, heavyweight insulated mittens or lobster-claw gloves provide better warmth than fingered gloves. Bring disposable hand warmers to slip inside mittens during long boat rides.

Head and Face Protection

You lose significant heat through your head and face. A neoprene dive hood (5mm) is essential for in-water sessions. For on deck, bring a thick wool or fleece beanie that fits under your drysuit hood if needed. A balaclava or neck gaiter helps protect your face from wind on exposed boat decks.

Footwear

Waterproof insulated boots for on-deck use. Something like Sorel Caribou or Muck Arctic Sport. You want warmth, waterproofing, and good grip on wet, icy surfaces. If you're bringing your own drysuit, make sure it accommodates your drysuit boots or has integrated boots that fit comfortably.

Camera and Electronics Protection

Cold kills batteries. Bring at least double the batteries you think you'll need for cameras, GoPros, and other electronics. Keep spare batteries warm in inside jacket pockets, close to your body. Camera housings can fog up when transitioning from cold air to warmer interiors. Bring anti-fog inserts or solutions, and allow cameras to acclimate slowly when moving between temperature zones.

Waterproof dry bags in various sizes protect electronics and spare clothing. Sea to Summit and Outdoor Research make reliable options.

Personal Items

Sunglasses and sunscreen might seem counterintuitive for the Arctic, but snow and ice create intense glare even in winter. UV protection is critical. Bring high-SPF sunscreen and polarized sunglasses. Lip balm with SPF prevents painful chapping in cold, dry air.

Seasickness medication if you're prone to motion sickness. Arctic seas can be rough, and you'll be spending long hours on boats. Prescription medications in original containers. Some expeditions visit remote locations where pharmacies don't exist.

Miscellaneous Essentials

Headlamp with extra batteries. Daylight is limited in Arctic winter, sometimes just 4-6 hours. You'll need light for early mornings and late afternoons. Reusable water bottle (insulated helps prevent freezing). Hydration matters even in cold environments. Snacks, especially salty and high-calorie options. You burn more calories staying warm. Bring energy bars, nuts, jerky.

What Not to Bring

Don't bother with excessive clothing changes or fashion items. You'll wear the same practical layers every day. Skip cotton anything (jeans, cotton t-shirts, cotton socks). It absorbs moisture and stays cold. Leave behind heavy toiletries. Most boats have limited space and basic facilities. Travel-size or refillable containers work better.

Rental vs Ownership

If this is your first Arctic expedition, rent or rely on operator-provided gear before investing in expensive drysuits or specialized equipment. Most reputable operators provide drysuits, though you may need to bring your own undergarments and accessories. Once you know you'll be doing multiple Arctic trips, investing in your own quality drysuit ($1,500-$3,000) and undergarments ($200-$400) makes sense.

Final Advice

Pack everything in waterproof bags or dry sacks. Boats get wet, weather changes fast, and nothing ruins an expedition faster than all your warm clothes getting soaked on day one. Test all gear before you go. Make sure drysuits seal properly, cameras work in cold conditions, and layers fit comfortably together. The Arctic doesn't forgive poor preparation.